Environment
LINUX
#1: Turn On SELinux
Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux kernel feature that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies which provides great protection. It can stop many attacks before your system rooted. See how to turn on SELinux for CentOS / RHEL based systems.
Do Boolean Lockdown
Run the getsebool -a command and lockdown system:
| getsebool -a | lessgetsebool -a | grep offgetsebool -a | grep on |
To secure the machine, look at settings which are set to ‘on’ and change to ‘off’ if they do not apply to your setup with the help of setsebool command. Set correct SE Linux booleans to maintain functionality and protection. Please note that SELinux adds 2-8% overheads to typical RHEL or CentOS installation.
#2: Allow Minimal Privileges Via Mount Options
Server all your webpages / html / php files via separate partitions. For example, create a partition called /dev/sda5 and mount at the /nginx. Make sure /nginx is mounted with noexec, nodev and nosetuid permissions. Here is my /etc/fstab entry for mounting /nginx:
LABEL=/nginx /nginx ext3 defaults,nosuid,noexec,nodev 1 2
Note you need to create a new partition using fdisk and mkfs.ext3 commands.
#3: Linux /etc/sysctl.conf Hardening
You can control and configure Linux kernel and networking settings via /etc/sysctl.conf.
| # Avoid a smurf attacknet.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1 # Turn on protection for bad icmp error messagesnet.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1 # Turn on syncookies for SYN flood attack protectionnet.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 # Turn on and log spoofed, source routed, and redirect packetsnet.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1 # No source routed packets herenet.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 # Turn on reverse path filteringnet.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 # Make sure no one can alter the routing tablesnet.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0 # Don't act as a routernet.ipv4.ip_forward = 0net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0 # Turn on execshildkernel.exec-shield = 1kernel.randomize_va_space = 1 # Tuen IPv6net.ipv6.conf.default.router_solicitations = 0net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_rtr_pref = 0net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_pinfo = 0net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_defrtr = 0net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf = 0net.ipv6.conf.default.dad_transmits = 0net.ipv6.conf.default.max_addresses = 1 # Optimization for port usefor LBs# Increase system file descriptor limitfs.file-max = 65535 # Allow for more PIDs (to reduce rollover problems); may break some programs 32768kernel.pid_max = 65536 # Increase system IP port limitsnet.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 2000 65000 # Increase TCP max buffer size setable using setsockopt()net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 87380 8388608 # Increase Linux auto tuning TCP buffer limits# min, default, and max number of bytes to use# set max to at least 4MB, or higher if you use very high BDP paths# Tcp Windows etcnet.core.rmem_max = 8388608net.core.wmem_max = 8388608net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 5000net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1 |
#4: Remove All Unwanted Nginx Modules
You need to minimizes the number of modules that are compiled directly into the nginx binary. This minimizes risk by limiting the capabilities allowed by the webserver. You can configure and install nginx using only required modules. For example, disable SSI and autoindex module you can type:
# ./configure --without-http_autoindex_module --without-http_ssi_module
# make
# make install
Type the following command to see which modules can be turn on or off while compiling nginx server:
# ./configure --help | less
Disable nginx modules that you don’t need.
(Optional) Change Nginx Version Header
Edit src/http/ngx_http_header_filter_module.c, enter:
# vi +48 src/http/ngx_http_header_filter_module.c
Find line
| static char ngx_http_server_string[] = "Server: nginx" CRLF;static char ngx_http_server_full_string[] = "Server: " NGINX_VER CRLF; |
Change them as follows:
| static char ngx_http_server_string[] = "Server: Ninja Web Server" CRLF;static char ngx_http_server_full_string[] = "Server: Ninja Web Server" CRLF; |
Save and close the file. Now, you can compile the server. Add the following in nginx.conf to turn off nginx version number displayed on all auto generated error pages:
server_tokens off
#5: Use mod_security (only for backend Apache servers)
mod_security provides an application level firewall for Apache. Install mod_security for all backend Apache web servers. This will stop many injection attacks.
#6: Install SELinux Policy To Harden The Nginx Webserver
By default SELinux will not protect the nginx web server. However, you can install and compile protection as follows. First, install required SELinux compile time support:
# yum -y install selinux-policy-targeted selinux-policy-devel
Download targeted SELinux policies to harden the nginx webserver on Linux servers from the project home page:
# cd /opt
# wget 'http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/selinuxnginx/se-ngix_1_0_10.tar.gz?use_mirror=nchc'
Untar the same:
# tar -zxvf se-ngix_1_0_10.tar.gz
Compile the same
# cd se-ngix_1_0_10/nginx
# make
Sample outputs:
Compiling targeted nginx module/usr/bin/checkmodule: loading policy configuration from tmp/nginx.tmp/usr/bin/checkmodule: policy configuration loaded/usr/bin/checkmodule: writing binary representation (version 6) to tmp/nginx.modCreating targeted nginx.pp policy packagerm tmp/nginx.mod.fc tmp/nginx.mod
Install the resulting nginx.pp SELinux module:
# /usr/sbin/semodule -i nginx.pp
#7: Restrictive Iptables Based Firewall
The following firewall script blocks everything and only allows:
- Incoming HTTP (TCP port 80) requests
- Incoming ICMP ping requests
- Outgoing ntp (port 123) requests
- Outgoing smtp (TCP port 25) requests
| #!/bin/bashIPT="/sbin/iptables" #### IPS ####### Get server public ipSERVER_IP=$(ifconfig eth0 | grep 'inet addr:' | awk -F'inet addr:' '{ print $2}' | awk '{ print $1}')LB1_IP="a.b.c.d"LB2_IP="w.x.y.z." # Do some smart logic so that we can use damm script on LB2 tooOTHER_LB=""SERVER_IP=""[[ "$SERVER_IP" == "$LB1_IP" ]] && OTHER_LB="$LB2_IP" || OTHER_LB="$LB1_IP"[[ "$OTHER_LB" == "$LB2_IP" ]] && OPP_LB="$LB1_IP" || OPP_LB="$LB2_IP" ### IPs ###PUB_SSH_ONLY="122.xx.yy.zz/29" #### FILES #####BLOCKED_IP_TDB=/root/.fw/blocked.ip.txtSPOOFIP="127.0.0.0/8 192.168.0.0/16 172.16.0.0/12 10.0.0.0/8 169.254.0.0/16 0.0.0.0/8 240.0.0.0/4 255.255.255.255/32 168.254.0.0/16 224.0.0.0/4 240.0.0.0/5 248.0.0.0/5 192.0.2.0/24"BADIPS=$( [[ -f ${BLOCKED_IP_TDB} ]] && egrep -v "^#|^$" ${BLOCKED_IP_TDB}) ### Interfaces ###PUB_IF="eth0" # public interfaceLO_IF="lo" # loopbackVPN_IF="eth1" # vpn / private net ### start firewall ###echo "Setting LB1 $(hostname) Firewall..." # DROP and close everything$IPT -P INPUT DROP$IPT -P OUTPUT DROP$IPT -P FORWARD DROP # Unlimited lo access$IPT -A INPUT -i ${LO_IF} -j ACCEPT$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${LO_IF} -j ACCEPT # Unlimited vpn / pnet access$IPT -A INPUT -i ${VPN_IF} -j ACCEPT$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${VPN_IF} -j ACCEPT # Drop sync$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp ! --syn -m state --state NEW -j DROP # Drop Fragments$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -f -j DROP $IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL FIN,URG,PSH -j DROP$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL ALL -j DROP # Drop NULL packets$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " NULL Packets "$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -j DROP $IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN,RST -j DROP # Drop XMAS$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN SYN,FIN -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " XMAS Packets "$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN SYN,FIN -j DROP # Drop FIN packet scans$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,ACK FIN -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " Fin Packets Scan "$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags FIN,ACK FIN -j DROP $IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL SYN,RST,ACK,FIN,URG -j DROP # Log and get rid of broadcast / multicast and invalid$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type broadcast -j LOG --log-prefix " Broadcast "$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type broadcast -j DROP $IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type multicast -j LOG --log-prefix " Multicast "$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m pkttype --pkt-type multicast -j DROP $IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m state --state INVALID -j LOG --log-prefix " Invalid "$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -m state --state INVALID -j DROP # Log and block spoofed ips$IPT -N spooflistfor ipblock in $SPOOFIPdo $IPT -A spooflist -i ${PUB_IF} -s $ipblock -j LOG --log-prefix " SPOOF List Block " $IPT -A spooflist -i ${PUB_IF} -s $ipblock -j DROPdone$IPT -I INPUT -j spooflist$IPT -I OUTPUT -j spooflist$IPT -I FORWARD -j spooflist # Allow ssh only from selected public ipsfor ip in ${PUB_SSH_ONLY}do $IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -s ${ip} -p tcp -d ${SERVER_IP} --destination-port 22 -j ACCEPT $IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -d ${ip} -p tcp -s ${SERVER_IP} --sport 22 -j ACCEPTdone # allow incoming ICMP ping pong stuff$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -s 0/0 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -m limit --limit 30/sec -j ACCEPT$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p icmp --icmp-type 0 -d 0/0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # allow incoming HTTP port 80$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp -s 0/0 --sport 1024:65535 --dport 80 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --sport 80 -d 0/0 --dport 1024:65535 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # allow outgoing ntp$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p udp --dport 123 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p udp --sport 123 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # allow outgoing smtp$IPT -A OUTPUT -o ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --dport 25 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT$IPT -A INPUT -i ${PUB_IF} -p tcp --sport 25 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT ### add your other rules here #### ######################## drop and log everything else$IPT -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/m --limit-burst 7 -j LOG --log-prefix " DEFAULT DROP "$IPT -A INPUT -j DROP exit 0 |
#8: Controlling Buffer Overflow Attacks
Edit nginx.conf and set the buffer size limitations for all clients.
# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
Edit and set the buffer size limitations for all clients as follows:
| ## Start: Size Limits & Buffer Overflows ## client_body_buffer_size 1K; client_header_buffer_size 1k; client_max_body_size 1k; large_client_header_buffers 2 1k; ## END: Size Limits & Buffer Overflows ## |
Where,
- client_body_buffer_size 1k – (default is 8k or 16k) The directive specifies the client request body buffer size.
- client_header_buffer_size 1k – Directive sets the headerbuffer size for the request header from client. For the overwhelming majority of requests a buffer size of 1K is sufficient. Increase this if you have a custom header or a large cookie sent from the client (e.g., wap client).
- client_max_body_size 1k– Directive assigns the maximum accepted body size of client request, indicated by the line Content-Length in the header of request. If size is greater the given one, then the client gets the error “Request Entity Too Large” (413). Increase this when you are getting file uploads via the POST method.
- large_client_header_buffers 2 1k – Directive assigns the maximum number and size of buffers for large headers to read from client request. By default the size of one buffer is equal to the size of page, depending on platform this either 4K or 8K, if at the end of working request connection converts to state keep-alive, then these buffers are freed. 2x1k will accept 2kB data URI. This will also help combat bad bots and DoS attacks.
You also need to control timeouts to improve server performance and cut clients. Edit it as follows:
| ## Start: Timeouts ## client_body_timeout 10; client_header_timeout 10; keepalive_timeout 5 5; send_timeout 10;## End: Timeouts ## |
- client_body_timeout 10; – Directive sets the read timeout for the request body from client. The timeout is set only if a body is not get in one readstep. If after this time the client send nothing, nginx returns error “Request time out” (408). The default is 60.
- client_header_timeout 10; – Directive assigns timeout with reading of the title of the request of client. The timeout is set only if a header is not get in one readstep. If after this time the client send nothing, nginx returns error “Request time out” (408).
- keepalive_timeout 5 5; – The first parameter assigns the timeout for keep-alive connections with the client. The server will close connections after this time. The optional second parameter assigns the time value in the header Keep-Alive: timeout=time of the response. This header can convince some browsers to close the connection, so that the server does not have to. Without this parameter, nginx does not send a Keep-Alive header (though this is not what makes a connection “keep-alive”).
- send_timeout 10; – Directive assigns response timeout to client. Timeout is established not on entire transfer of answer, but only between two operations of reading, if after this time client will take nothing, then nginx is shutting down the connection.
#9: Control Simultaneous Connections
You can use NginxHttpLimitZone module to limit the number of simultaneous connections for the assigned session or as a special case, from one IP address. Edit nginx.conf:
| ### Directive describes the zone, in which the session states are stored i.e. store in slimits. ###### 1m can handle 32000 sessions with 32 bytes/session, set to 5m x 32000 session ### limit_zone slimits $binary_remote_addr 5m; ### Control maximum number of simultaneous connections for one session i.e. ###### restricts the amount of connections from a single ip address ### limit_conn slimits 5; |
The above will limits remote clients to no more than 5 concurrently “open” connections per remote ip address.
#10: Allow Access To Our Domain Only
If bot is just making random server scan for all domains, just deny it. You must only allow configured virtual domain or reverse proxy requests. You don’t want to display request using an IP address:
## Only requests to our Host are allowed i.e. nixcraft.in, images.nixcraft.in and www.nixcraft.in if ($host !~ ^(nixcraft.in|www.nixcraft.in|images.nixcraft.in)$ ) { return 444; }##
#11: Limit Available Methods
GET and POST are the most common methods on the Internet. Web server methods are defined in RFC 2616. If a web server does not require the implementation of all available methods, they should be disabled. The following will filter and only allow GET, HEAD and POST methods:
## Only allow these request methods ## if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$ ) { return 444; }## Do not accept DELETE, SEARCH and other methods ##
More About HTTP Methods
- The GET method is used to request document such as http://www.cyberciti.biz/index.php.
- The HEAD method is identical to GET except that the server MUST NOT return a message-body in the response.
- The POST method may involve anything, like storing or updating data, or ordering a product, or sending E-mail by submitting the form. This is usually processed using the server side scripting such as PHP, PERL, Python and so on. You must use this if you want to upload files and process forms on server.
#12: How Do I Deny Certain User-Agents?
You can easily block user-agents i.e. scanners, bots, and spammers who may be abusing your server.
## Block download agents ## if ($http_user_agent ~* LWP::Simple|BBBike|wget) { return 403; }##
Block robots called msnbot and scrapbot:
## Block some robots ## if ($http_user_agent ~* msnbot|scrapbot) { return 403; }
#12: How Do I Block Referral Spam?
Referer spam is dengerouns. It can harm your SEO ranking via web-logs (if published) as referer field refer to their spammy site. You can block access to referer spammers with these lines.
## Deny certain Referers ### if ( $http_referer ~* (babes|forsale|girl|jewelry|love|nudit|organic|poker|porn|sex|teen) ) { # return 404; return 403; }##
#13: How Do I Stop Image Hotlinking?
Image or HTML hotlinking means someone makes a link to your site to one of your images, but displays it on their own site. The end result you will end up paying for bandwidth bills and make the content look like part of the hijacker’s site. This is usually done on forums and blogs. I strongly suggest you block and stop image hotlinking at your server level itself.
# Stop deep linking or hot linkinglocation /images/ { valid_referers none blocked www.example.com example.com; if ($invalid_referer) { return 403; }}
Example: Rewrite And Display Image
Another example with link to banned image:
valid_referers blocked www.example.com example.com; if ($invalid_referer) { rewrite ^/images/uploads.*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png)$ http://www.examples.com/banned.jpg last }
#14: Directory Restrictions
You can set access control for a specified directory. All web directories should be configured on a case-by-case basis, allowing access only where needed.
Limiting Access By Ip Address
You can limit access to directory by ip address to /docs/ directory:
location /docs/ { ## block one workstation deny 192.168.1.1; ## allow anyone in 192.168.1.0/24 allow 192.168.1.0/24; ## drop rest of the world deny all;}
Password Protect The Directory
First create the password file and add a user called vivek:
# mkdir /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/
# htpasswd -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/passwd vivek
Edit nginx.conf and protect the required directories as follows:
### Password Protect /personal-images/ and /delta/ directories ###location ~ /(personal-images/.*|delta/.*) { auth_basic "Restricted"; auth_basic_user_file /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/passwd;}
Once a password file has been generated, subsequent users can be added with the following command:
# htpasswd -s /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd/passwd userName
#15: Nginx SSL Configuration
HTTP is a plain text protocol and it is open to passive monitoring. You should use SSL to to encrypt your content for users:
#16: Nginx And PHP Security Tips
PHP is one of the popular server side scripting language. Edit /etc/php.ini as follows:
| # Disallow dangerous functionsdisable_functions = phpinfo, system, mail, exec ## Try to limit resources ## # Maximum execution time of each script, in secondsmax_execution_time = 30 # Maximum amount of time each script may spend parsing request datamax_input_time = 60 # Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (8MB)memory_limit = 8M # Maximum size of POST data that PHP will accept.post_max_size = 8M # Whether to allow HTTP file uploads.file_uploads = Off # Maximum allowed size for uploaded files.upload_max_filesize = 2M # Do not expose PHP error messages to external usersdisplay_errors = Off # Turn on safe modesafe_mode = On # Only allow access to executables in isolated directorysafe_mode_exec_dir = php-required-executables-path # Limit external access to PHP environmentsafe_mode_allowed_env_vars = PHP_ # Restrict PHP information leakageexpose_php = Off # Log all errorslog_errors = On # Do not register globals for input dataregister_globals = Off # Minimize allowable PHP post sizepost_max_size = 1K # Ensure PHP redirects appropriatelycgi.force_redirect = 0 # Disallow uploading unless necessaryfile_uploads = Off # Enable SQL safe modesql.safe_mode = On # Avoid Opening remote filesallow_url_fopen = Off |
#17: Run Nginx In A Chroot Jail (Containers) If Possible
Putting nginx in a chroot jail minimizes the damage done by a potential break-in by isolating the web server to a small section of the filesystem. You can use traditional chroot kind of setup with nginx. If possible use FreeBSD jails, XEN, Linux containers on a Debian/Ubuntu, LXD on a Fedora, or OpenVZ virtualization which uses the concept of containers.
#18: Limits Connections Per IP At The Firewall Level
A webserver must keep an eye on connections and limit connections per second. This is serving 101. Both pf and iptables can throttle end users before accessing your nginx server.
Linux Iptables: Throttle Nginx Connections Per Second
The following example will drop incoming connections if IP make more than 15 connection attempts to port 80 within 60 seconds:
| /sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 60 --hitcount 15 -j DROPservice iptables save |
BSD PF: Throttle Nginx Connections Per Second
Edit your /etc/pf.conf and update it as follows. The following will limits the maximum number of connections per source to 100. 15/5 specifies the number of connections per second or span of seconds i.e. rate limit the number of connections to 15 in a 5 second span. If anyone breaks our rules add them to our abusive_ips table and block them for making any further connections. Finally, flush keyword kills all states created by the matching rule which originate from the host which exceeds these limits.
webserver_ip="202.54.1.1"table <abusive_ips> persistblock in quick from <abusive_ips>pass in on $ext_if proto tcp to $webserver_ip port www flags S/SA keep state (max-src-conn 100, max-src-conn-rate 15/5, overload <abusive_ips> flush)
Please adjust all values as per your requirements and traffic (browsers may open multiple connections to your site).
#19: Configure Operating System to Protect Web Server
Turn on SELinux as described above. Set correct permissions on /nginx document root. The nginx runs as a user named nginx. However, the files in the DocumentRoot (/nginx or /usr/local/nginx/html) should not be owned or writable by that user. To find files with wrong permissions, use:
# find /nginx -user nginx
# find /usr/local/nginx/html -user nginx
Make sure you change file ownership to root or other user. A typical set of permission /usr/local/nginx/html/
# ls -l /usr/local/nginx/html/
Sample outputs:
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 925 Jan 3 00:50 error4xx.html-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 52 Jan 3 10:00 error5xx.html-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 134 Jan 3 00:52 index.html
You must delete unwated backup files created by vi or other text editor:
# find /nginx -name '.?*' -not -name .ht* -or -name '*~' -or -name '*.bak*' -or -name '*.old*'
# find /usr/local/nginx/html/ -name '.?*' -not -name .ht* -or -name '*~' -or -name '*.bak*' -or -name '*.old*'
Pass -delete option to find command and it will get rid of those files too.
#20: Restrict Outgoing Nginx Connections
The crackers will download file locally on your server using tools such as wget. Use iptables to block outgoing connections from nginx user. The ipt_owner module attempts to match various characteristics of the packet creator, for locally generated packets. It is only valid in the OUTPUT chain. In this example, allow vivek user to connect outside using port 80 (useful for RHN access or to grab CentOS updates via repos):
| /sbin/iptables -A OUTPUT -o eth0 -m owner --uid-owner vivek -p tcp --dport 80 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT |
Add above rule to your iptables based shell script. Do not allow nginx web server user to connect outside.
#21: Keep your software up to date
You must keep your software and kernel up to date all time. Apply patch as per your version or distro. If you are using a Debian/Ubuntu Linux use apt-get command/apt command to apply patches:
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get upgrade
If you are using a RHEL/CentOS/Oracle/Scientific Linux, use yum command:
$ sudo yum update
If you are using an Alpine Linux use apk command:
# apk update
# apk upgrade
#22 : Avoid clickjacking
Add the following in your nginx.conf or virtual domain to avoid clickjacking:
add_header X-Frame-Options SAMEORIGIN;
#23 : Disable content-type sniffing on some browsers
Add the following in your nginx.conf or virtual domain:
add_header X-Content-Type-Options nosniff;
#23 : Enable the Cross-site scripting (XSS) filter
Add the following in your nginx.conf or virtual domain:
add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block";
#24: Force HTTPS
There is no reason to use HTTP. Force everyone to use HTTPS by deault:
#25: Monitoring nginx
The Stub Status allows to see total number of client requests and other info. See how to enable it for more info:
Bounce Tip: Watching Your Logs & Auditing
Check the Log files. They will give you some understanding of what attacks is thrown against the server and allow you to check if the necessary level of security is present or not.
# grep "/login.php??" /usr/local/nginx/logs/access_log
# grep "...etc/passwd" /usr/local/nginx/logs/access_log
# egrep -i "denied|error|warn" /usr/local/nginx/logs/error_log